Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 1-5 , January 2008

Skeletal Health and Bone Strength: DXA and Beyond Growth for the Journal of Clinical Densitometry

  • Paul D. Miller (Editor-in-Chief)

      Affiliations

    • Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
    • Colorado Center for Bone Research, Lakewood, Colorado, USA

References 

  1. Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1994;843:1–129
  2. Miller PD, Bonnick SL, Rosen CJ. Clinical utility of bone mass measurements in adults: consensus of an international panel. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1996;25:361–372
  3. Miller PD, Bonnick SL. Clinical application of bone densitometry. In: Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism. 4th ed.. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999;p. 152–159
  4. Kanis JA, Gluer CC. An update on the diagnosis and assessment of osteoporosis with densitometry. Committee of Scientific Advisors, International Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(3):192–202
  5. Bonnick SL, Johnston CC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Importance of precision in bone density measurements. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4:105–110
  6. Bonnick SL, Shulman L. Monitoring osteoporosis therapy: bone mineral density, bone turnover markers, or both?. Am J Med. 2006;119(4 Suppl 1):S25–S31
  7. Miller PD. Monitoring osteoporosis therapies. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2007;5:38–43
  8. Miller PD, Zapalowski C, Kulak CAM, et al. Bone densitometry: the best way to detect osteoporosis and to monitor therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:1867–1871
  9. Gluer CC. Monitoring skeletal changes by radiological techniques. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(11):1952–1962
  10. Department of Health and Human Services . Medicare coverage of and payment for bone mass measurements. Fed Regist. 1998;63(121):34320–34328
  11. United States Prevention Services Task Force: screening for osteoporosis. Available at www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/usposte.htmAccessed: June 10, 1996
  12. US Surgeon General's Report on America's Bone Health. Available at www.surgeongeneral.gov/libraryAccessed: October 14, 2004
  13. CMS Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Medicare and You. Available at www.medicare.gov/publications/pubs/pdf/10050.pdf2007;Accessed: October 2, 2007
  14. BMMD #2 42 CFR 410.31 (Bone Mass Measurement: Conditions for Coverage and Frequency Standards).
  15. PQRI P.L. 109-432 (H.R. 6111 Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006).
  16. Leib E, Lewiecki M, Binkley N, et al. Official positions of the international society for clinical densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7:1–6
  17. Leib ES, Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, et al. 2005 Position Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. Vancouver, BC, July 15–17, 2005.
  18. Binkley N, Bilezikian JP, Kendler DL, et al. Official positions of the international society for clinical densitometry and executive summary of the 2005 position development. J Clin Densitom. 2006;9(1):
  19. Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Petak SM. DXA quality matters. J Clin Densitom. 2006;9(4):388–392
  20. Vokes T, Bachman D, Baim S, et al. Vertebral fracture assessment: the 2005 ISCD official positions. J Clin Densitom. 2006;9(1):37–46
  21. Lewiecki EM, Laster A. Clinical review: clinical applications of vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(11):4215–4222
  22. Laster AJ, Lewiecki EM ISCD Board of Directors. Vertebral fracture assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry: insurance coverage issues in the United States. A White Paper of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2007;10(3):227–238Epub 2007 Jun 28. Review
  23. Genant HK, Li J, Wu CY, et al. Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: a new method for clinical assessment. J Clin Densitom. 2000;3(3):281–290
  24. Duboeuf F, Bauer DC, Chapurlat RD, et al. Assessment of vertebral fracture using densitometric morphometry. J Clin Densitom. 2007;8(3):362–368Review
  25. Chapurlat RD, Duboeuf F, Marian-Audibert HO, et al. Effectiveness of instant vertebral assessment to detect prevalent vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(8):1189–1195Epub 2006 Jun 7
  26. Greenspan SL, von Stetten E, Emond SK, et al. Instant vertebral assessment: a noninvasive dual X-ray absorptiometry technique to avoid misclassification and clinical mismanagement of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4(4):373–380
  27. Genant HK, Delmas PD, Chen P, et al. Severity of vertebral fracture reflects deterioration of bone microarchitecture. Osteoporos Int. 2007;18(1):69–76Epub 2006 Oct 7
  28. Zhao LJ, Jiang H, Papasian CJ, et al. Correlation of obesity and osteoporosis: effect of fat mass on the determination of osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2008;10:17–29
  29. De Laet C, Kanis JA, Oden A, et al. Body mass index as a predictor of fracture risk: a metaanalysis. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:1330–1338
  30. Thomas T, Burguear B. In Leptin the link between fat and bone mass?. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17:1563–1569
  31. Lenchik L, Register TC, Hsu FC, et al. Adiponectin as a novel determinant of bone mineral density and visceral fat. Bone. 2003;33:646–651
  32. Sioka C, Goudevenos J, Pappas K, et al. Bone mineral density and coronary atherosclerosis. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;81:333
  33. Hyder JA, Allison MA, Criqui MH, et al. Association between systemic calcified atherosclerosis and bone density. Calcif Tissue Int. 2007;80:301–306
  34. Faulkner KG, Wacker WK, Barden HS, et al. Femur strength index predicts hip fracture independent of bone density and hip axis length. Osteoporos Int. 2005;17:1–7
  35. Mayhew PM, Thomas CD, Clement JG, et al. Relation between age, femoral neck cortical stability, and hip fracture risk. Lancet. 2005;366(9480):129–135
  36. Uusi-Rasi K, Semanick LM, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effects of teriparatide [rhPTH (1-34)] treatment on structural geometry of the proximal femur in elderly osteoporotic women. Bone. 2005;36(6):948–958
  37. Khoo BC, Beck TJ, Qiao QH, et al. In vivo short-term precision of hip structure analysis variables in comparison with bone mineral density using paired dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans from multi-center clinical trials. Bone. 2005;37(1):112–121
  38. Bouxsein ML. Bone quality: where do we go from here?. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(Suppl 5):118–127
  39. Hui SL, Slemenda CW, Johnston CC. Age and bone mass as predictors of fracture in a prospective study. J Clin Invest. 1988;81:1804–1809
  40. Kanis JA, Oden JA, Johannsson H, et al. Expressing fracture risk. Osteoporos Int. 2007;
  41. Wainwright SA, Marshall LM, Ensrud KE, et al. Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2787–2793
  42. Siris E, Miller P, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment (NORA). JAMA. 2001;286:2815–2822
  43. Black DM, Steinbuch M, Palmero L, et al. An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(7):519–528
  44. Miller PD, Barlas S, Brenneman SK, et al. An approach to identifying osteopenic women at increased short-term risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:1113–1120
  45. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Stone KL, et al. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women > or = 65 years of age: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(1):131–140
  46. Papaioannou A, Joseph L, Ioannidis G, et al. Risk factors associated with incident clinical vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(5):568–578
  47. Borah B, Dufrense TE, Ritman EL, et al. Long-term risedronate treatment normalizes mineralization and continues to preserve trabecular architecture: sequential triple biopsy studies with micro-computed tomography. Bone. 2006;39(2):345–352Epub 2006 Mar 29
  48. Hordon LD, Itoda M, Shore PA, et al. Preservation of thoracic spine microarchitecture by alendronate: comparison of histology and microCT. Bone. 2006;38(3):444–449Epub 2005 Dec 19
  49. Borah B, Gross GJ, Dufrense TE, et al. Three-dimensional microimaging (MRmicroI and microCT), finite element modeling, and rapid prototyping provide unique insights into bone architecture in osteoporosis. Anat Rec. 2001;265(2):101–110Review
  50. Ji B. A study of the interface strength between protein and mineral in biological materials. J Biomech. 2007;
  51. Boivin G, Meunier P. The mineralization of bone tissue: a forgotten dimension in osteoporosis research. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(Suppl 3):S19–S24Epub 2003 Mar 18. Review
  52. Knott L, Bailey AJ. Collagen cross-links in mineralizing tissues: a review of their chemistry, function, and clinical relevance. Bone. 1998;22(3):181–187Review
  53. Wagner HD, Weiner S. On the relationship between the microstructure of bone and its mechanical stiffness. J Biomech. 1992;25(11):1311–1320
  54. Ruppel ME, Burr DB, Miller LM. Chemical makeup of microdamaged bone differs from undamaged bone. Bone. 2006;39(2):318–324Epub 2006 Apr 11
  55. Wasnich RD, Miller PD. Antifracture efficacy of antiresportive agents are related to changes in bone density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1–6
  56. Hochberg MC, Greenspan S, Wasnich RD, et al. Changes in bone density and turnover explain the reductions in incidence of nonvertebral fractures that occur during treatment with antiresorptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87:1586–1592
  57. Miller PD, Deltas PD, Huss H, et al. 2008 Increases in hip and spine bone mineral density are predictive for antifracture efficacy with ibandronate. In press.
  58. Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Harris F, et al. Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with anti-resorptive drugs. Am J Med. 2002;112:281–289
  59. Delmas PD, Li Z, Cooper C. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive drugs: some issues with meta-analyses. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(2):330–337
  60. Watts NB, Cooper C, Lindsay R, et al. Relationship between changes in bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk associated with risedronate: greater increases in bone mineral density do not relate to greater decreases in fracture risk. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7(3):255–261
  61. Miller PD. Bone density and markers of bone turnover in predicting fracture risk and how changes in these measures predict fracture risk reduction. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2005;3(3):103–110
  62. Lenchick L, Watts NB. Regression to the mean: what does it mean? Using bone density results to monitor treatment of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4(1):1–4
  63. Delmas PD, Seeman E. Changes in bone mineral density explain little of the reduction in vertebral or nonvertebral fracture risk with anti-resorptive therapy. Bone. 2004;34:599–604
  64. Freedman LS, Graubard BI, Schatzkin A. Statistical validation of intermediate endpoints for chronic diseases. Stat Med. 1992;11:167–178
  65. Miller PD, Hochberg MC, Wehren LE, et al. How useful are measures of BMD and bone turnover?. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(4):545–553
  66. McClung M, San Martin J, Miller PD, et al. Teriparatide and alendronate increase bone mass by opposite effects on bone remodeling. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1762–1768
  67. Chen P, Miller PD, Delmas PD, et al. Change in lumbar spine bone mineral density and vertebral fracture risk reduction in teriparatide-treated postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Bone Miner Res. 2006;21:1786–1790
  68. Baim S, Leonard MB, Bianchi M-L, et al. Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 Pediatric Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom. 2008;11(1):6–21

PII: S1094-6950(08)00003-6

doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2008.01.002

Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 11, Issue 1 , Pages 1-5 , January 2008