Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 9, Issue 3 , Pages 265-273 , July 2006

DXA Estimates of Vertebral Volumetric Bone Mineral Density in Children: Potential Advantages of Paired Posteroanterior and Lateral Scans

  • Mary B. Leonard

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
    • Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Mary B. Leonard, MD, MSCE, Division of Nephrology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th St. and Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
    • ,
  • Justine Shults

      Affiliations

    • Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
    • ,
  • Babette S. Zemel

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA

Received 12 February 2006 ,Revised 16 May 2006 ,Accepted 17 May 2006.

References 

  1. Seeman E. From density to structure: growing up and growing old on the surfaces of bone. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:509–521
  2. Gilsanz V, Kovanlikaya A, Costin G, Roe TF, Sayre J, Kaufman F. Differential effect of gender on the sizes of the bones in the axial and appendicular skeletons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:1603–1607
  3. Gilsanz V, Skaggs DL, Kovanlikaya A, et al. Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:1420–1427
  4. Prentice A, Parsons TJ, Cole TJ. Uncritical use of bone mineral density in absorptiometry may lead to size-related artifacts in the identification of bone mineral determinants. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994;60:837–842
  5. Carter DR, Bouxsein ML, Marcus R. New approaches for interpreting projected bone densitometry data. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:137–145
  6. Kroger H, Vainio P, Nieminen J, Kotaniemi A. Comparison of different models for interpreting bone mineral density measurements using DXA and MRI technology. Bone. 1995;17:157–159
  7. Katzman DK, Bachrach LK, Carter DR, Marcus R. Clinical and anthropometric correlates of bone mineral acquisition in healthy adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;73:1332–1339
  8. Lu PW, Cowell CT, SA LL-J, Briody JN, Howman-Giles R. Volumetric bone mineral density in normal subjects, aged 5-27 years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1586–1590
  9. Griffiths MR, Noakes KA, Pocock NA. Correcting the magnification error of fan beam densitometers. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:119–123
  10. Pocock NA, Noakes KA, Majerovic Y, Griffiths MR. Magnification error of femoral geometry using fan beam densitometers. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60:8–10
  11. Cole JH, Scerpella TA, van der Meulen MC. Fan-beam densitometry of the growing skeleton: are we measuring what we think we are?. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8:57–64
  12. Jergas M, Breitenseher M, Gluer CC, Yu W, Genant HK. Estimates of volumetric bone density from projectional measurements improve the discriminatory capability of dual X-ray absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10:1101–1110
  13. Henry YM, Fatayerji D, Eastell R. Attainment of peak bone mass at the lumbar spine, femoral neck and radius in men and women: relative contributions of bone size and volumetric bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15:263–273
  14. Wu XP, Yang YH, Zhang H, et al. Gender differences in bone density at different skeletal sites of acquisition with age in Chinese children and adolescents. J Bone Miner Metab. 2005;23:253–260
  15. Antoniazzi F, Zamboni G, Bertoldo F, et al. Bone mass at final height in precocious puberty after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist with and without calcium supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1096–1101
  16. Tanner JM. Growth at Adolescence. 2nd ed.. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication; 1962;
  17. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728–1732
  18. Krebs NF, Jacobson MS. Prevention of pediatric overweight and obesity. Pediatrics. 2003;112:424–430
  19. Shepherd JA, Fan B, Sherman M, et al. Pediatric DXA precision varies with age (Abstract). J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(Suppl 1):S234
  20. Thomas SR, Kalkwarf HJ, Buckley DD, Heubi JE. Effective dose of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans in children as a function of age. J Clin Densitom. 2005;8:415–422
  21. Lewis MK, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Patient dose in dual x-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4:11–15
  22. Blake GM, Warner HW, Fogelman I. The evaluation of osteoporosis: dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultra sound in clinical practice. 2nd ed.. London: Blackwell Science; 1999;
  23. Blake GM, Parker JC, Buxton FM, Fogelman I. Dual X-ray absorptiometry: a comparison between fan beam and pencil beam scans. Br J Radiol. 1993;66:902–906
  24. Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986;1:307–310
  25. Diggle PJ, Liang KY, Zeger SL. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Oxford: Oxford Science Publication; 1986;
  26. Gilsanz V, Roe TF, Mora S, Costin G, Goodman WG. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white girls during childhood and puberty. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:1597–1600
  27. Gilsanz V, Gibbens DT, Roe TF, et al. Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty. Radiology. 1988;166:847–850
  28. Zmuda JM, Cauley JA, Glynn NW, Finkelstein JS. Posterior-anterior and lateral dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of vertebral osteoporosis and bone loss among older men. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15:1417–1424
  29. Finkelstein JS, Cleary RL, Butler JP, et al. A comparison of lateral versus anterior-posterior spine dual energy x-ray absorptiometry for the diagnosis of osteopenia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:724–730
  30. Grampp S, Genant HK, Mathur A, et al. Comparisons of noninvasive bone mineral measurements in assessing age-related loss, fracture discrimination, and diagnostic classification. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12:697–711
  31. Laskey MA, Murgatroyd PR, Prentice A. Comparison of narrow-angle fan-beam and pencil-beam densitometers: in vivo and phantom study of the effect of bone density, scan mode, and tissue depth on spine measurements. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7:341–348
  32. Mazess RB, Hanson JA, Payne R, Nord R, Wilson M. Axial and total-body bone densitometry using a narrow-angle fan-beam. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11:158–166
  33. Leonard MB, Shults J, Wilson BA, Tershakovec AM, Zemel BS. Obesity during childhood and adolescence augments bone mass and bone dimensions. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:514–523
  34. Petit MA, Beck TJ, Shults J, Zemel BS, Foster BJ, Leonard MB. Proximal femur bone geometry is appropriately adapted to lean mass in overweight children and adolescents. Bone. 2005;36:568–576

PII: S1094-6950(06)00211-3

doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2006.05.008

Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 9, Issue 3 , Pages 265-273 , July 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution