Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 9, Issue 1 , Pages 37-46 , January 2006

Vertebral Fracture Assessment: The 2005 ISCD Official Positions

  • Tamara Vokes

      Affiliations

    • Section of Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to: Tamara Vokes, M.D., Associate Professor of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637.
  • ,
  • Donald Bachman

      Affiliations

    • Metro West Medical Center, Framingham, MA
  • ,
  • Sanford Baim

      Affiliations

    • Rheumatic Disease Center, Glendale, WI
  • ,
  • Neil Binkley

      Affiliations

    • University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
  • ,
  • Susan Broy

      Affiliations

    • Illinois Bone and Joint Institute, Morton Grove, IL
  • ,
  • Lynne Ferrar

      Affiliations

    • University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S. Yorkshire, United Kingdom
  • ,
  • E. Michael Lewiecki

      Affiliations

    • New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, Albuquerque, NM
  • ,
  • Bradford Richmond

      Affiliations

    • Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH
  • ,
  • John Schousboe

      Affiliations

    • Park Nicollet Clinic, St. Louis Park, MN

References 

  1. Jackson SA, Tenenhouse A, Robertson L. Vertebral fracture definition from population-based data: preliminary results from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporosis International. 2000;11(8):680–687
  2. Melton LJ, Kan SH, Frye MA, Wahner HW, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Epidemiology of vertebral fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol. 1989;129(5):1000–1011
  3. Melton LJ, Lane AW, Cooper C, Eastell R, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Prevalence and incidence of vertebral deformities. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3(3):113–119
  4. O'Neill TW, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Cooper C, Kanis JA, Silman AJ. The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(7):1010–1018
  5. Jones G, White C, Nguyen T, Sambrook PN, Kelly PJ, Eisman JA. Prevalent vertebral deformities: relationship to bone mineral density and spinal osteophytosis in elderly men and women. Osteoporos Int. 1996;6(3):233–239
  6. Spector TD, McCloskey EV, Doyle DV, Kanis JA. Prevalence of vertebral fracture in women and the relationship with bone density and symptoms: the Chingford Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(7):817–822
  7. Ross PD, Fujiwara S, Huang C, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD, et al. Vertebral fracture prevalence in women in Hiroshima compared to Caucasians or Japanese in the US. Int J Epidemiol. 1995;24(6):1171–1177
  8. Cooper C, O'Neill T, Silman A. The epidemiology of vertebral fractures. European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study Group. Bone. 1993;14(Suppl 1):S89–S97
  9. Black DM, Arden NK, Palermo L, Pearson J, Cummings SR, Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group . Prevalent vertebral deformities predict hip fractures and new vertebral deformities but not wrist fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1999;14(5):821–828
  10. Melton LJ, Atkinson EJ, Cooper C, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Vertebral fractures predict subsequent fractures. Osteoporos Int. 1999;10(3):214–221
  11. Lindsay R, Silverman SL, Cooper C, et al. Risk of new vertebral fracture in the year following a fracture. JAMA. 2001;285(3):320–323
  12. Ross PD, Genant HK, Davis JW, Miller PD, Wasnich RD. Predicting vertebral fracture incidence from prevalent fractures and bone density among non-black, osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3(3):120–126
  13. Kotowicz MA, Melton LJ, Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Riggs BL. Risk of hip fracture in women with vertebral fracture. J Bone Miner Res. 1994;9(5):599–605
  14. National Osteoporosis Foundation . Physician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Belle Mead, NJ: Excerpta Medica; 1998;
  15. Ross PD, Davis JW, Epstein RS, Wasnich RD. Pre-existing fractures and bone mass predict vertebral fracture incidence in women. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114(11):919–923
  16. Genant HK, Li J, Wu CY, Shepherd JA. Vertebral fractures in osteoporosis: a new method for clinical assessment. J Clin Densitom. 2000;3(3):281–290
  17. Ferrar L, Jiang G, Eastell R. Short-term precision for morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(9):710–715
  18. Ferrar L, Jiang G, Eastell R, Peel NF. Visual identification of vertebral fractures in osteoporosis using morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(5):933–938
  19. Greenspan SL, von Stetten E, Emond SK, Jones L, Parker RA. Instant vertebral assessment: a noninvasive dual X-ray absorptiometry technique to avoid misclassification and clinical mismanagement of osteoporosis. J Clin Densitom. 2001;4(4):373–380
  20. Rea JA, Chen MB, Li J, Blake GM, Steiger P, Genant HK, et al. Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry and morphometric radiography of the spine: a comparison of prevalent vertebral deformity identification. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(3):564–574
  21. Rea JA, Chen MB, Li J, et al. Vertebral morphometry: a comparison of long-term precision of morphometric X-ray absorptiometry and morphometric radiography in normal and osteoporotic subjects. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(2):158–166
  22. Rea JA, Chen MB, Li J, et al. Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry and morphometric radiography of the spine: a comparison of analysis precision in normal and osteoporotic subjects. Osteoporos Int. 1999;9(6):536–544
  23. Rea JA, Li J, Blake GM, Steiger P, Genant HK, Fogelman I. Visual assessment of vertebral deformity by X-ray absorptiometry: a highly predictive method to exclude vertebral deformity. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(8):660–668
  24. Rea JA, Steiger P, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Optimizing data acquisition and analysis of morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int. 1998;8(2):177–183
  25. Rea JA, Steiger P, Blake GM, Potts E, Smith IG, Fogelman I. Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry: reference data for vertebral dimensions. J Bone Miner Res. 1998;13(3):464–474
  26. Schousboe JT, DeBold CR, Bowles C, Glickstein S, Rubino RK. Prevalence of vertebral compression fracture deformity by X-ray absorptiometry of lateral thoracic and lumbar spines in a population referred for bone densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2002;5(3):239–246
  27. Vokes TJ, Dixon LB, Favus MJ. Clinical utility of dual-energy vertebral assessment (DVA). Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(11):871–878
  28. Binkley N, Krueger D, Gangnon R, Genant HK, Drezner MK. Lateral vertebral assessment: a valuable technique to detect clinically significant vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(12):1513–1518
  29. Chappard C, Kolta S, Fechtenbaum J, Dougados M, Roux C. Clinical evaluation of spine morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. Br J Rheumatol. 1998;37(5):496–501
  30. Grados F, Roux C, de Vernejoul MC, Utard G, Sebert JL, Fardellone P. Comparison of four morphometric definitions and a semiquantitative consensus reading for assessing prevalent vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(9):716–722
  31. Genant HK, Jergas M. Assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis research. Osteoporos Int. 2003;14(Suppl 3):S43–S55
  32. Genant HK, Jergas M, Palermo L, Nevitt M, Valentin RS, Black D, et al. Comparison of semiquantitative visual and quantitative morphometric assessment of prevalent and incident vertebral fractures in osteoporosis The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(7):984–996
  33. Jiang G, Eastell R, Barrington NA, Ferrar L. Comparison of methods for the visual identification of prevalent vertebral fracture in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(11):887–896
  34. Leidig-Bruckner G, Genant HK, Minne HW, et al. Comparison of a semiquantitative and a quantitative method for assessing vertebral fractures in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 1994;4(3):154–161
  35. Szulc P, Munoz F, Marchand F, Sornay-Rendu E, Delmas PD. Similar prevalence of vertebral fractures despite different approaches to define reference data. Bone. 2003;32(4):441–448
  36. Szulc P, Munoz F, Sornay-Rendu E, et al. Comparison of morphometric assessment of prevalent vertebral deformities in women using different reference data. Bone. 2000;27(6):841–846
  37. Rea JA, Blake GM, Fogelman I. Development of a phantom for morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. Br J Radiol. 2001;74(880):341–350
  38. Ferrar L, Jiang G, Barrington NA, Eastell R. Identification of vertebral deformities in women: comparison of radiological assessment and quantitative morphometry using morphometric radiography and morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(3):575–585
  39. 2004 American Medical Association Current Procedural Terminology, CPT 2005, published 2004, AMA Press.
  40. Felsenberg D, Silman AJ, Lunt M, et al. Incidence of vertebral fracture in Europe: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(4):716–724
  41. Ettinger B, Black DM, Nevitt MC, Rundle AC, Cauley JA, Cummings SR, et al. Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7(4):449–456
  42. Ismail AA, Cooper C, Felsenberg D, Varlow J, Kanis JA, Silman AJ, et al. Number and type of vertebral deformities: epidemiological characteristics and relation to back pain and height loss. Osteoporosis Int. 1999;9(3):206–213
  43. Johnell O, O'Neill T, Felsenberg D, Kanis J, Cooper C, Silman AJ, et al. Anthropometric measurements and vertebral deformities. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146(4):287–293
  44. Kaptoge S, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Lunt M, O'Neill TW, Silman AJ, et al. When should the doctor order a spine X-ray? Identifying vertebral fractures for osteoporosis care: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study (EPOS). J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(12):1982–1993
  45. Lunt M, Felsenberg D, Reeve J, et al. Bone density variation and its effects on risk of vertebral deformity in men and women studied in thirteen European centers: the EVOS Study. J Bone Miner Res. 1997;12(11):1883–1894
  46. Nevitt MC, Cummings SR, Stone KL, et al. Risk factors for a first-incident radiographic vertebral fracture in women ≥65 years of age: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(1):131–140
  47. Siminoski K, Jiang G, Adachi JD, et al. Accuracy of height loss during prospective monitoring for detection of incident vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(4):403–410
  48. Schousboe JT, Fink HA, Taylor BC, Stone KL, Hillier TA, Nevitt MC, Ensrud KE. 2005 Association between self-reported prior wrist fractures and risk of subsequent hip and radiographic vertebral fractures in older women: a prospective study. J Bone Miner Res 20(1):100–106.
  49. Papaioannou A, Joseph L, Ioannidis G, et al. Risk factors associated with incident clinical vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in postmenopausal women: the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(5):568–578
  50. Vogt TM, Ross PD, Palermo L, Musliner T, Genant HK, Black D, et al. Vertebral fracture prevalence among women screened for the Fracture Intervention Trial and a simple clinical tool to screen for undiagnosed vertebral fractures. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000;75(9):888–896
  51. Klotzbuecher CM, Ross PD, Landsman PB, Abbott TA, Berger M. Patients with prior fractures have an increased risk of future fractures: a summary of the literature and statistical synthesis. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(4):721–739
  52. Van der Klift M, De Laet CE, McCloskey EV, Hofman A, Pols HA. The incidence of vertebral fractures in men and women: the Rotterdam Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2002;17(6):1051–1056
  53. de Nijs RN, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW, et al. Prevalence of vertebral deformities and symptomatic vertebral fractures in corticosteroid treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40(12):1375–1383
  54. van Staa TP, Leufkens HG, Cooper C. The epidemiology of corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(10):777–787
  55. Sinigaglia L, Nervetti A, Mela Q, et al. A multicenter, cross-sectional study on bone mineral density in rheumatoid arthritis. Italian Study Group on Bone Mass in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(11):2582–2589
  56. Peel NF, Moore DJ, Barrington NA, Bax DE, Eastell R. Risk of vertebral fracture and relationship to bone mineral density in steroid treated rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1995;54(10):801–806
  57. Lems WF, Jahangier ZN, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Vertebral fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with corticosteroids. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13(3):293–297
  58. Orstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Mowinckel P, et al. Vertebral deformities in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with population-based controls. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(4):420–425
  59. Orstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, et al. Vertebral deformities in 229 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: associations with clinical variables and bone mineral density. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;49(3):355–360
  60. Orstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Mowinckel P, Falch JA, Halse JI, et al. Self reported non-vertebral fractures in rheumatoid arthritis and population based controls: incidence and relationship with bone mineral density and clinical variables. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(2):177–182
  61. Orstavik RE, Haugeberg G, Uhlig T, Mowinckel P, Falch JA, Halse JI, et al. Incidence of vertebral deformities in 255 female rheumatoid arthritis patients measured by morphometric X-ray absorptiometry. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16(1):35–42
  62. Naganathan V, Jones G, Nash P, Nicholson G, Eisman J, Sambrook PN. Vertebral fracture risk with long-term corticosteroid therapy: prevalence and relation to age, bone density, and corticosteroid use. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(19):2917–2922
  63. Dykman TR, Gluck OS, Murphy WA, Hahn TJ, Hahn BH. Evaluation of factors associated with glucocorticoid-induced osteopenia in patients with rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28(4):361–368
  64. Michel BA, Bloch DA, Wolfe F, Fries JF. Fractures in rheumatoid arthritis: an evaluation of associated risk factors. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(10):1666–1669
  65. Ramsey-Goldman R, Dunn JE, Huang CF, Dunlop D, Rairie JE, Fitzgerald S, et al. Frequency of fractures in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: comparison with United States population data. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(5):882–890
  66. Sinigaglia L, Varenna M, Binelli L, et al. Determinants of bone mass in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross sectional study on premenopausal women. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(6):1280–1284
  67. Laan RF, van Riel PL, van Erning LJ, Lemmens JA, Ruijs SH, van de Putte LB. Vertebral osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients: effect of low dose prednisone therapy. Br J Rheumatol. 1992;31(2):91–96
  68. McEvoy CE, Ensrud KE, Bender E, Genant HK, Yu W, Griffith JM, et al. Association between corticosteroid use and vertebral fractures in older men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1998;157(3 Pt 1):704–709
  69. Walsh LJ, Lewis SA, Wong CA, et al. The impact of oral corticosteroid use on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(5):691–695
  70. Shane E, Silverberg SJ, Donovan D, et al. Osteoporosis in lung transplantation candidates with end-stage pulmonary disease. Am J Med. 1996;101(3):262–269
  71. Melton LJ, Patel A, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Yunginger JW. Long-term fracture risk following adult-onset asthma: a population-based study. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(4):311–316
  72. Melton LJ, Patel A, Achenbach SJ, Oberg AL, Yunginger JW. Long-term fracture risk among children with asthma: a population-based study. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(4):564–570
  73. Tsugeno H, Fujita T, Goto B, et al. Vertebral fracture and cortical bone changes in corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(8):650–656
  74. Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, et al. A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res. 2004;19(6):893–899
  75. Riancho JA, Gonzalez Macias J, Del Arco C, Amado JA, Freijanes J, Anton MA. Vertebral compression fractures and mineral metabolism in chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax. 1987;42(12):962–966
  76. Smith BJ, Phillips PJ, Heller RF. Asthma and chronic obstructive airway diseases are associated with osteoporosis and fractures: a literature review. Respirology. 1999;4(2):101–109
  77. Saag KG, Emkey R, Schnitzer TJ, et al. Alendronate for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis Intervention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(5):292–299
  78. Sambrook PN, Kotowicz M, Nash P, et al. Prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: a comparison of calcitriol, vitamin D plus calcium, and alendronate plus calcium. J Bone Miner Res. 2003;18(5):919–924
  79. Van Staa TP, Laan RF, Barton IP, Cohen S, Reid DM, Cooper C. Bone density threshold and other predictors of vertebral fracture in patients receiving oral glucocorticoid therapy. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(11):3224–3229
  80. Adachi JD, Saag KG, Delmas PD, et al. Two-year effects of alendronate on bone mineral density and vertebral fracture in patients receiving glucocorticoids: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled extension trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(1):202–211
  81. Adachi JD, Bensen WG, Brown J, et al. Intermittent etidronate therapy to prevent corticosteroid-induced osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(6):382–387
  82. Stockbrugger RW, Schoon EJ, Bollani S, et al. Discordance between the degree of osteopenia and the prevalence of spontaneous vertebral fractures in Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16(8):1519–1527
  83. Giannini S, Nobile M, Dalle Carbonare L, et al. Vertebral morphometry by X-ray absorptiometry before and after liver transplant: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001;13(10):1201–1207
  84. Lespessailles E, Poupon S, Adriambelosoa N, Pothuaud L, Siroux V, Bouillon S, et al. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: is the bone density decrease the only explanation?. Joint Bone Spine. 2000;67(2):119–126
  85. van Everdingen AA, Siewertsz van Reesema DR, Jacobs JW, Bijlsma JW. Low-dose glucocorticoids in early rheumatoid arthritis: discordant effects on bone mineral density and fractures?. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21(2):155–160
  86. Delmas PD, Genant HK, Crans GG, Stock JL, Wong M, Siris E, et al. Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial. Bone. 2003;33(4):522–532
  87. Ferrar L, Felsenberg D, Roux C, Reid DM, Gluer CC, Armbrecht G, et al. Indications for spinal radiography in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(Suppl 1):S57;(abstract)
  88. Vokes TJ, Gillen D, Lovett J. Indications for VFA in Densitometry Patients. J Bone Miner Res. 2005;20(Suppl 1):S86;(abstract)
  89. Ling X, Cummings SR, Mingwei Q, Xihe Z, Xioashu C, Nevitt M, et al. Vertebral fractures in Beijing, China: the Beijing Osteoporosis Project. J Bone Miner Res. 2000;15(10):2019–2025
  90. Tsai K, Twu S, Chieng P, Yang R, Lee T. Prevalence of vertebral fractures in chinese men and women in urban Taiwanese communities. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;59(4):249–253
  91. Lau EM, Chan YH, Chan M, Woo J, Griffith J, Chan HH, et al. Vertebral deformity in chinese men: prevalence, risk factors, bone mineral density, and body composition measurements. Calcif Tissue Int. 2000;66(1):47–52
  92. Lau EM, Chan HH, Woo J, Lin F, Black D, Nevitt M, et al. Normal ranges for vertebral height ratios and prevalence of vertebral fracture in Hong Kong Chinese: a comparison with American Caucasians. J Bone Miner Res. 1996;11(9):1364–1368
  93. ISCD Official Positions. ISCD web site. Available at: http://www.iscd.org/Visitors/positions/official.cfm. Accessed January 14, 2006.
  94. Leib ES, Lewiecki EM, Binkley N, Hamdy RC. Official positions of the international society for clinical densitometry. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7(1):1–6
  95. Black DM, Cummings SR, Stone K, Hudes E, Palermo L, Steiger P. A new approach to defining normal vertebral dimensions. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6(8):883–892
  96. Black DM, Palermo L, Nevitt MC, Genant HK, Epstein R, San Valentin R, et al. Comparison of methods for defining prevalent vertebral deformities: the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1995;10(6):890–902
  97. Eastell R, Cedel SL, Wahner HW, Riggs BL, Melton LJ. Classification of vertebral fractures. J Bone Miner Res. 1991;6(3):207–215
  98. McCloskey EV, Spector TD, Eyres KS, Fern ED, O'Rourke N, Vasikaran S, et al. The assessment of vertebral deformity: a method for use in population studies and clinical trials. Osteoporos Int. 1993;3(3):138–147
  99. Abdel-Hamid Osman A, Bassiouni H, Koutri R, Nijs J, Geusens P, Dequeker J. Aging of the thoracic spine: distinction between wedging in osteoarthritis and fracture in osteoporosis—a cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Bone. 1994;15(4):437–442
  100. Ziegler R, Scheidt-Nave C, Leidig-Bruckner G. What is a vertebral fracture?. Bone. 1996;18(3 Suppl):169S–177S
  101. O'Neill TW, Silman AJ. Definition and diagnosis of vertebral fracture. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(6):1208–1211
  102. Genant HK, Wu CY, van Kuijk C, Nevitt MC. Vertebral fracture assessment using a semiquantitative technique. J Bone Miner Res. 1993;8(9):1137–1148
  103. Liberman UA, Weiss SR, Broll J, et al. The Alendronate Phase III Osteoporosis Treatment Study Group. Effect of oral alendronate on bone mineral density and the incidence of fractures in postmenopausal osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 1995;333(22):1437–1443
  104. Siris E, Adachi JD, Lu Y, et al. Effects of raloxifene on fracture severity in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the MORE study. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation. Osteoporos Int. 2002;13(11):907–913
  105. Recker R, Stakkestad JA, Chesnut CH, et al. Insufficiently dosed intravenous ibandronate injections are associated with suboptimal antifracture efficacy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Bone. 2004;34(5):890–899
  106. Neer RM, Arnaud CD, Zanchetta JR, et al. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(19):1434–1441
  107. Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, et al. Efficacy of raloxifene on vertebral fracture risk reduction in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(8):3609–3617
  108. Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282(7):637–645
  109. Bone HG, Downs RW, Tucci JR, et al. Dose-response relationships for alendronate treatment in osteoporotic elderly women. Alendronate Elderly Osteoporosis Study Centers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(1):265–274
  110. Harris ST, Watts NB, Genant HK, et al. Effects of risedronate treatment on vertebral and nonvertebral fractures in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial. Vertebral Efficacy With Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282(14):1344–1352
  111. Reginster J, Minne HW, Sorensen OH, et al., Vertebral Efficacy with Risedronate Therapy (VERT) Study Group  Randomized trial of the effects of risedronate on vertebral fractures in women with established postmenopausal osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2000;11(1):83–91
  112. Writing Group for the ISCD Position Development Conference . Indications and reporting for dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom. 2004;7(1):37–44

PII: S1094-6950(06)00188-0

doi: 10.1016/j.jocd.2006.05.006

Journal of Clinical Densitometry
Volume 9, Issue 1 , Pages 37-46 , January 2006